新西兰环境学作业代写 松海倡议

2020-06-13 21:59

松海倡议有两个组成部分:第一是发展一个功能性、竞争性和高效率的农业体系(母田);第二，培育农业企业家和促进服务业，以提高他们的生产力，从而通过形成关键数量的年轻农业企业家和建立有利于在整个非洲大陆成功发展生产者的框架，产生滚雪球效应。松海模式将经济的三个关键部门组成一个网络。这是一种产业集群模式，一种高产自治的“绿色乡村小镇”模式。这种模式完美地结合了第一、第二和第三产业。网络强调发展适当的创新技术和培训。这种多样化生产(混合农业和畜牧业)旨在促进不同环节之间的技术协同和互补，同时确保更好地促进环境。这种模式使农民能够以更少的投入生产出更好、更多的产品。这只有在协同、互补、补充和负熵原则发挥作用的综合生产系统中才能实现。有机农业的另一个广为接受的制度方法是参与性保障制度(PGS)。PGS是在当地社区内建立的网络，由农民、专家、公共部门官员、食品服务代理和消费者组成。这些网络认证的生产者在利益相关者的积极参与下从事有机生产，并建立在信任、社会网络和知识交流的基础上。该体系规定了所有获得认证的生产商必须遵守的标准，并由其他成员确保。因此，PGS既保证了创新的扩散，又是控制创新过程的手段。PGS最初是上世纪70年代在美国、日本和巴西有机农业领域的一项试验，并已成功渗透到全球26个国家。在发展中国家，第三方认证是一件昂贵的事情，PGS被用来回应标准的制定和企业的确认。(Loconto等，2017)。如今，PGS已在不同的国家得到实施，并已经过定制，以适应它们的需要，并在现有的系统和机制中加以适应。
新西兰环境学作业代写 松海倡议
 Agossou et al. (undated) reported that the Songhai initiative had two components: the first was the development of a functional, competitive and efficient agricultural system (parent farm); and the second the incubation of agro-entrepreneurs and promotion of services to increase their productivity, thereby creating a snowball effect through the formation of a critical mass of young  agricultural entrepreneurs and the creation of a framework conducive to the successful development of producers across the African continent. The Songhai model incorporated three key sectors of the economy into a network. It was an industrial cluster model, a model of a productive and autonomous “green rural town”. The model perfectly integrated primary, secondary and tertiary productions. The network stressed on the development of appropriate innovative technologies and training. This diversified production (mixed farming and stock farming) was designed to facilitate technical synergies and complementarities between the different links while ensuring better promotion of the environment. This model enables farmers to produce better and more with less. This is only possible because of an integrated system of production where the principles of synergy, complementarity, supplementary, and negative entropy are in play. Another widely accepted example of institutional approach towards organic agriculture is Partcipatory Guarantee System (PGS). PGS were networks created within local communities and consist of farmers, experts, public sector officials, food service agents, and consumers. These networks certified producers engage in organic production based on active participation of stakeholders and were built on a foundation of trust, social networks and knowledge exchange. The system sets standards to be followed by all the certified producers and ensured by the fellow members. PGS therefore both ensure the diffusion of the innovation and are the means through which the innovation process is governed. PGS began as an experiment in 1970s in the field of organic agriculture in the US, Japan and Brazil and has successfully percolated to 26 countries around the world. In developing countries, where third party certification is a costly affair, PGS was adopted in response to standard setting and confirmation by corporates. (Loconto et al., 2017). Today PGS is being practiced in different countries and has been customized to suit their needs and accommodate within the existing system and machinery. 
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