新西兰教育学assignment代写 澳洲教育

2020-08-20 05:03

教育越来越多地在新自由主义哲学的背景下运作。自20世纪70年代以来，新自由主义的意识形态已日益深入到大多数西方社会的结构中(Welch, 2013;玛吉,2008)。新闻界倾向新自由主义的原因是最初在几个国家独立发生的一些关键事件。Robertson(2007)为这些事件提出了四个重要的“震中”。1979年，英国首相玛格丽特•撒切尔(Margaret Thatcher)和1980年，美国总统罗纳德•里根(Ronald Reagan)利用美联储(fed)改变的货币政策，试图在国家和全球层面上打破工会的权力，放松对行业的管制，解放金融业。此外，中国正朝着使中国经济更加自由的方向发展。通过这些影响，强调“社会应该由自由市场塑造”(科廷大学，2016)。这是新自由主义的一个关键目标。关于新自由主义有很多著述。这是一个宽泛的术语，并不是一个容易定义的概念(Boas & Gans-Morse, 2009)。Welch(2013)认为新自由主义是一种“社会政策由市场原则、私有化、自由贸易和放松管制以及个人主义(个人责任)主导”的哲学(p.193)。Mudge(2008)将新自由主义描述为“建立在单一的、基本的原则之上:个性化的、基于市场的竞争优于其他组织模式”(第706-707页)。新自由主义的兴起导致了澳大利亚社会特征的改变，从福利国家转向竞争国家。Sandel(2012)和Beckert(2009)将西方社会描述为“从市场经济到市场社会”的转变(引用于Welch, 2013，第196页)。政府、社会和私营部门之间的关系也得到了重塑。市场竞争和经济原理现在是政府经济和社会政策的中心(Davies & Bansal, 2007)。教育曾经受到福利国家政策的保护，不受市场竞争的影响。教育的功能是为了“公共利益”，平等地为所有人提供公平和机会(Welch, 2013)。在新自由主义下，教育已经成为市场的一部分。Peters(1999)认为教育现在被视为“服务和产品，就像其他任何东西一样，可以在市场上交易”(引自Davies & Bansal, 2007年第254页)。教育领域的新自由主义改革产生了根本性的结构调整，导致了针对特定弱势群体的专业项目、资源和人员的流失。许多教育服务已经私有化(Welch, 2013)。企业管理教育的方式是一种重视竞争和经济能力的方式。教育现在被视为一种商业，并在这种背景下运作。
新西兰教育学assignment代写 澳洲教育
 Education is increasing operating within the context of neoliberal philosophies. Since the 1970’s the ideology of neoliberalism has increasingly become embedded in the structure of most Western societies (Welch, 2013; Mudge, 2008). The press towards neoliberalism resulted from a number of key events that initially took place independently in several countries. Robertson (2007) refers to four significant ‘epicentres’ for these events. In 1979, the UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and in 1980, the US President Ronald Reagan, drawing upon the US Federal Reserve’s changed monetary policy, sought to break the power of the unions, deregulate industry and free up finance at national and global levels. In addition, China moved towards making the Chinese economy more liberal. Through these influences the emphasis was that “society should be shaped by the free market” (Curtin University, 2016). This is a key goal of neoliberalism.There is much written about neoliberalism. It is a broad term and is not an easy concept to define (Boas & Gans-Morse, 2009). Welch (2013) considers neoliberalism is a philosophy “in which social policy is dominated by market principles, privatisation, free trade and deregulation, and individualism (individual responsibility)” (p.193). Mudge (2008) describes neoliberalism as being “built on a single, fundamental principle: the superiority of individualized, market-based competition over other modes of organization” (pp.706-707). The rise of neoliberalism has resulted in changing the characteristics of Australian society with a move away from the welfare state to a competition state. Sandel (2012) and Beckert (2009) describe Western society as having transitioned “from market economies to market societies” (cited in Welch, 2013, p.196). Relationships between government, society and the private sector have also been reshaped. Market-based competition and economic rationale is now at the centre of government economic and social policies (Davies & Bansal, 2007). Education was once protected from market competition by policies driven by the welfare state. The function of education was for the ‘public good’ and to equally provide equity and access to all (Welch, 2013). Under neoliberalism, education has become part of the market. Peters (1999) considers education is now seen as “services and products like any other, to be traded in the marketplace” (cited in Davies & Bansal, 2007 p.254). Neoliberal reforms in education have produced radical restructuring resulting in, for example, the loss of specialist programs, resources and staff for specific disadvantaged groups. Many education services have become privatised (Welch, 2013). The corporate manner in which education is managed is one that values competition and economic proficiency. Education is now viewed as a business and operates within this context.
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