麦考瑞作业代写:标签理论

2017-03-30 11:17

在第十八世纪后期，可以说，标签理论的中心宗旨存在于杰里米·边沁的工作中，他指出，刑罚制度有促进犯罪的力量，而不是削减它。这也可以看出Henry Mayhew的考虑，上世纪第十九年代中期，他承认过度热心的警务是在未成年人犯罪[ 2 ]创造的因素。理论家们反复提出要求，刑事司法制度发展的越轨行为，而不是削减它。事实上，许多制度化的犯罪分子继续增加他们的犯罪行为，释放了这一观点。标签的方法后来被Edwin Lemert解释说这是社会反应造成偏差的精制。值得注意的是，Lemert区分初级和次级之间的偏差。Lemert的基本偏差为越轨行为之前就已经公开称他被称为自发的、零星的或轻微违反规则可能来自许多不同的来源（拉尼尔和亨利，2004：194）。Lemert认为，这些行为的主要偏差有唯一的边际影响，有关人的心理结构的状态（阿拉朗博和霍尔1995：408）。拉默特提出，要引起偏差响应社会反应以及由此产生的耻辱。他把这个过程称为二次偏差，它是越轨行为的识别和引起越轨行为的反应。Lemert声称，“实际上原来的“原因”的偏差退去，让中央的重要性，谴责、降解、分离反应社会”（从Haralambos和霍尔，1995：408）。Lemert的理论是如何说明标签理论家标记问题和选择过程的经典例子。
麦考瑞作业代写:标签理论
In the late eighteenth century it could be said that the central tenet of labelling theory existed in the work of Jeremy Bentham who commented that penal institutions have the power to promote offending, rather than curtail it. It can also be seen in the considerations of Henry Mayhew in the mid nineteenth century, who recognised that over zealous policing was a factor in the creation of juvenile delinquency[2]. Theorists repeatedly make claims that the criminal justice system develops deviant behaviour, rather than curtailing it. The fact that many institutionalised criminals continue and increase their criminal behaviour on release exemplifies this view.The labelling approach was later refined by Edwin Lemert who explained that it was societal reaction which caused deviation. Notably, Lemert distinguished between primary and secondary deviation. Lemert’s primary deviation consists of deviant acts before they have been publicly labelled which he referred to as spontaneous, sporadic or minor rule violations which may stem from many different sources (Lanier and Henry, 2004: 194). Lemert argued that these acts of primary deviation had ‘only marginal implications for the status and the psychic structure of the person concerned’ (Haralambos and Holborn 1995: 408). Lamert put forward that it was the societal reaction and resulting stigma that would lead to a response from the deviant. He termed this process secondary deviation; it was the identification of deviance and the reaction of this that caused the deviance. Lemert claimed ‘in effect the original “causes” of the deviation recede and give way to the central importance of the disapproving, degradational, and isolating reactions of society’ (From Haralambos and Holborn, 1995: 408). Lemert’s theory is a classic example of how labelling theorists illustrated the problematic and selective process of labelling.

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