新西兰奥克兰护理学代写:精神健康

2019-02-21 14:09

该模型坚持认为，不完成这些阶段将导致急性精神健康并发症。Hall(2014)认为，舞台理论之所以流行，是因为它在给人一种概念秩序感的同时，也给人一种恢复和结束的希望。尽管舞台理论很受欢迎，但大多数舞台理论都受到批评，就像弗洛伊德的命题因缺乏经验证据和僵化而受到批评一样。此外，舞台理论也因为无法捕捉到悲伤经历的复杂性、多样性和多面性而受到挑战。Baxter和Diehl(1998)认为，由于悲伤被认为是流动的，个体不太可能像阶段理论家所提倡的那样有系统地经历这些阶段。简而言之,他们不考虑因素,如身体、心理、社会、文化和精神的需求,影响了失去亲人的人来说,他们的家人和亲密的网络.Despite这些批评,早期理论提供了对当前的理论基础和影响Stroebe开发的双重处理理论和Schut等(1999)和沃顿(2008)。Hall(2014)认为“这些理论考虑了许多研究发现的风险和保护因素，为理解依恋死者的特质提供了重要的背景，这是早期理论所缺乏的”。这两个模型都提供了指导干预的框架。Richardson和Balaswamy(2001)在评价双重处理模型时指出，避免悲伤可以产生积极和消极的结果。他们提出，这就是丧亲之痛被认为包括迷失方向和恢复方向的地方。失落感的哀伤者往往是沉浸在对逝者的情感、思念和沉思中，而恢复型哀伤者则是承担起逝者的责任和角色，改变生活方式，在没有逝者的情况下建立新的身份。
新西兰奥克兰护理学代写:精神健康
The model insists that failure to complete the stages would result in acute mental health complications. Hall (2014) argues that the stage theories were popular because they suggest a sense of conceptual order while offering hope of recovery and closure. Despite their popularity, most stage theories attracted criticism in the same way that Freud’s proposition attracted criticism for their lack of empirical evidence and their rigidity. Furthermore, the stage theories have been challenged for their inability to capture the complex, diverse and multi-faceted nature of the grieving experience. Baxter and Diehl (1998) argue that since grief is considered to be fluid, it is unlikely that individuals are able to go through the stages in a methodical manner as advocated by the stage theorists. In short, they do not take account of factors such as the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual needs that impact on the bereaved people, their families and intimate networks .Despite these criticisms, early stage theories have provided great groundwork and influence on current theories such as the Dual-Processing theory developed by Stroebe and Schut (1999) and Worden (2008). Hall (2014) argues that “these theories take account of many of the risks and protective factors identified by research and provide an important context for appreciating the idiosyncratic nature of attachment to the deceased that is lacking in the earlier stage theories”. Both models provide frameworks that guide intervention. Richardson and Balaswamy (2001), when evaluating the Dual Processing Model, suggested that avoiding grief can have both positive and negative outcomes. They proposed that this is where bereavement is perceived as including Loss of Orientation and Restoration Orientation. The griever in the loss-orientation is preoccupied with emotions, yearning and ruminating about the deceased, whereas, restoration orientation involves taking over the responsibilities and the roles undertaken by the deceased and making lifestyle changes, setting up a new identity without the deceased.

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