美国essay代写:密斯

2017-03-29 12:45

然而，密斯认为，而不是正式的自由，原子化的个人，从事无私的交换（博兰尼，1968）理论的自由主义，因此许多经济思想，相反，我们发现，演员不在权力关系中比在礼品经济上面概述。事实上，她认为“剥削性分工是社会范式在国际分工是建立'（密斯，1998：4，强调）。首先，许多人讨论的公共领域是由男性主导的方式，但他认为，事实上，家庭主妇的无偿工作，关心和培育国内球（密斯，1998：IX），或“女人的工作”，让男士们可以自由进入公共领域（密斯，1998：31）。接下来，密斯认为劳动[ 3 ]不仅吸收妇女限制私人领域的“主妇化”，但也意味着，她的工作是唯一的补充”，她的丈夫（密斯，1998：九）：“[T]他过程的无产阶级化的男人，因此，伴随着女性的主妇化过程（密斯，1998：69）。最后，密斯认为第三世界的妇女是由资本主义生产由于其灵活的手指，它们被认为是最善良的价值，可操作的劳动力（密斯，1998：117）：总之，由于归因的性别刻板印象。象征性层次的性别，从而有物质的影响，因为妇女被放置在一个经济脆弱的位置，并集中在低工资，兼职就业：妇女和他们的孩子是全球最经济弱势群体。此外，女性陷入劳动即“第三世界妇女生产他们所需要的国际分工，但别人[第一世界女性]可以买”（密斯，1998：118，原来的重点）。汤姆森呼应这样的说法：“[ ]大家现在是绑在一个历史的全球网络关系[…]我们都卷入了国际生产关系和分配横跨空间分离我们”（托马斯，1991：8-9）和国际生产关系的性别。
美国essay代写:密斯
However, Mies argues that rather than the formally free, atomistic individuals, engaged in disinterested exchange (Polanyi, 1968) of theoretical liberalism, and therefore of much economic thought, instead, we find that actors are no less entwined in power relations than in the gift economies outlined above. Indeed, she argues that ‘the exploitative sexual division is the social paradigm upon which the international division of labor is built up’ (Mies, 1998: 4, emphasis added). First, many have debated the way in which the public sphere is dominated by men, but Mies argues that it is, in fact, the unpaid work of the housewife, of caring and nurturing within the domestic sphere (Mies, 1998: ix), or ‘women’s work’, that allows men to be free to enter the public realm (Mies, 1998: 31). Next, Mies argues that the ‘housewifization’ of labour[3] not only naturalizes women’s restriction to the private realm, but also means that her paid work is considered ‘only supplementary’ to that of her husband (Mies, 1998: ix): ‘[t]he process of proletarianization of the men was, therefore, accompanied by a process of housewifization of women’ (Mies, 1998: 69). Finally, Mies argues that third world women are valued by capitalism as producers due to their ‘nimble fingers’ and as they are ‘considered to be the most docile, manipulable labor force’ (Mies, 1998: 117): in short, due to ascribed gender stereotypes. The symbolic hierarchy of gender thus has material effects as women are placed in an economically vulnerable position and are concentrated in low paid, part-time employment: women and their children are the most economically disadvantaged group across the globe. Further, women are locked into an international division of labor whereby the ‘third world women produce not what they need, but what others [first world women] can buy’ (Mies, 1998: 118, original emphasis). Thomson echoes this argument: ‘[e]veryone is now tied up in a historical network of global relations [...] we are all caught up in international relations of production and appropriation which stretch across the spaces separating us’ (Thomas, 1991: 8-9) and this international relation of production is gendered.

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