昆士兰作业代写:民主政权

Tranplacements are perhaps the best example of political elites finding a consensus to smooth the path to a democratic regime. Applicable to the changes to democratic regimes in countries such as Poland, the Czech Republic, Uruguay, Korea and South Africa, transplacements reflect the cooperation between a combination of reformers within government and opposition in situations where the reformers within government are not in themselves alone powerful enough to instigate the government led change personified by transformations. Again, consensus between elements of the political elites is crucial. Huntington writes that “in successful transplacements, the dominant groups in both government and opposition recognised that they were incapable of unilaterally determining the nature of the future political system in their society” (p152 Huntington 1997). With such transitions there can be a series of protests, strikes and repression that appear far removed from the politics of consensus. However at the heart of the process are groups within both government and opposition arguing that negotiation is the only way to end the conflict – eventually this is what has happened, again providing evidence as to the importance of consensualism amongst elites in the transition to democracy.

Huntington’s final model for transition to democracy is that of replacement. Here there are few reformers within government, indeed personal dictators are often the most likely leaders. Replacements involve the actual overthrow of the government by the combined efforts of opposition groups. The requirement for consensus in these cases will be between opposition groups as affected states find a vacuum of power in place and few involved in the outgoing authoritarian regime are able or willing to assist in the installation of a democratic regime. On of the key issues in these instances is the promotion of unity between opposition groups. Prior to the overthrow of an authoritarian regime they may have been united by a desire to get rid of a government – once this has been achieved these groups will have their own agendas and may well be divided over the future distribution of power and the direction taken by the new regime.

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