新西兰代写作业:科学革命的结构

2018-10-27 00:21

科学革命的结构很快就与波普尔的伪造理论相矛盾，因为库恩关于科学家如何运作的历史叙述与波普尔的工作相冲突。库恩把重点放在科学界，他们的规则和期望，用来解释为什么科学家不总是愿意反驳和积极寻找他们的理论的伪造。不像波普尔所宣称的那样，科学界不会质疑他们工作的范式，除非一个特殊的异常被重复。相反，他们可能会质疑自己的计算或实现的工具，但永远不会质疑他们在其中操作的更广泛的框架。波普尔对库恩的严厉批评的反应相当软弱。他简单地断言，在我看来，库恩对科学的精确历史描述与事实相冲突。根据库恩的说法，由于上面提到的原因，[35]过去从未被使用过。波普尔对此的反驳是，与库恩不同的是，他没有专注于提供一份历史报告，而是为未来的科学家提供指导。他还批评库恩提出了一种高度选择性的理论，这种理论忽视了大量的“正常科学”。
新西兰代写作业:科学革命的结构
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions soon became problematic to reconcile with Popper’s theory of falsification as Kuhn’s historical account about how scientists operate came into conflict with Popper’s work. The emphasis Kuhn placed on scientific communities, their rules and expectations, was used to explain why scientists were not always willing to refute and actively search for falsifications of their theories. Unlike what Popper claimed, the scientific communities would not question the paradigm they work within until a particular anomaly was repeated. Instead, they might question their own calculations or instruments implemented, but never the broader framework they operate within. Popper’s reaction to Kuhn’s severe criticism was veritably weak. He simple asserted that Kuhn’s accurate historical account of science ‘clashes with the facts as I see them.’ [35] According to Kuhn, falsification has not been in use in the past for the reasons highlighted above. Popper’s rebuttal to this was that he, unlike Kuhn, had not focused on providing a historical account but on providing guidelines for future scientists. He also criticises Kuhn for producing a highly selected theory, one which ‘disregarded large chunks of ‘normal science.

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