澳洲麦考瑞assignment代写:社会的有机运作

2019-05-03 00:43

功能主义者认为，社会必须被划分为不同的群体，每一个群体都承担着社会作为一个整体(有机整体)生存所必需的任务。当人们在内部自觉或无意识地接受为整个社会的有机运作作出贡献的需要时，社会就能很好地运作。为了所有人的生存，人们自愿地同意淹没他们个人身份的一部分。他们这样做是因为他们认识到，社会没有简单的替代品。他们会指责马克思主义者的“乌托邦主义”——即幻想一个“完美”的社会，但完全不切实际，无法实现，建立在一个梦想世界的基础上。当人们接受自己在社会中的角色时，他们就形成了一种社会良知，迪尔凯姆将其称为“良知集体”。功能主义者倾向于将社会学家埃米尔•迪尔凯姆(Emile Durkheim)视为他们观点的创始人。这并不完全正确。现代功能主义者，如塔尔科特·帕森斯(Talcott Parsons)，试图捍卫资本主义，但迪尔凯姆对未来有机社会的愿景是，没有资本的继承性，人们将只根据价值来分配自己的功能角色。从这个意义上说，现代资本主义社会不是精英主义。不同的个体在社会中找到了不同的角色，但是个体的机会在很大程度上受到他们的阶级状况的影响。尽管迪尔凯姆并不完全是资本主义的捍卫者，但他的功能主义倾向于捍卫资本主义。他的功能主义告诉我们，每一个社会群体都是整个社会的功能部分。
澳洲麦考瑞assignment代写:社会的有机运作
Functionalists take the view that society must be divided into separate groups, each of which performs a task that is necessary to the survival of society as a whole – the organic whole. Societies function well when people accept internally, either consciously or unconsciously, the need to contribute to the organic functioning of the whole of society. People agree voluntarily to submerge part of their individual identity in favour of the survival of all. They do this because they recognise that there is no simple alternative to society. They would accuse Marxists of “utopianism” – that is, dreaming up a “perfect”, but wholly unrealistic and unrealisable society based on a dream world. When people accept their role in society they develop a form of social conscience, which Durkheim labels the “conscience collective”. Functionalists tend to look to the sociologist Emile Durkheim as the founder of their point of view. This is not entirely true. Modern functionalists, like Talcott Parsons, seek to defend capitalism, but Durkheim’s vision of the organic society of the future was one in which there would be no inheritance of capital, so people would be assigned their functional role on the basis of merit alone. Modern capitalist societies are not meritocracies in this sense. Different individuals find different roles in society, but the opportunities of individuals are considerably affected by their class situation. Although Durkheim is not exactly a defender of capitalism, his functionalism, which tells us that every social grouping is a functional part of the whole of society, tends to favour a defence of capitalism. 

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